How do photovoltaic cells primarily generate electricity?

Photovoltaic cells generate electricity by converting sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. This process involves the absorption of photons from sunlight by the semiconductor material in the cells, typically silicon. When these photons are absorbed, they transfer their energy to electrons in the semiconductor, giving them enough energy to break free from their atomic bonds and flow as an electric current.

This conversion of light energy into electrical energy is fundamental to how solar panels work and is a clean, renewable source of power that contributes to sustainable energy solutions. The photovoltaic effect is a key principle that distinguishes photovoltaic cells from other technologies, such as thermal solar energy or wind turbines, which rely on different mechanisms for energy generation.